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Squair, C.A., J.E. Smith, C.L. Hunter, and C.M. Smith, 2003. An Introduction to Invasive Alien Algae in Hawaii: Ecological and Economic Impacts, University of Hawaii. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Marine Bioinvasions, La Jolla, California, March 16-19, 2003, p. 115. An Introduction to Invasive Alien Algae in Hawaii: Ecological and Economic ImpactsSeveral species of red algae, including Kappaphycus spp., Hypnea musciformis, and Gracilaria salicornia were introduced to Hawaii’s reefs in the early 1970s to study their feasibility for aquaculture. When experimental trials were completed, the plantings were abandoned. Thirty years later, all three of these species are proving to have significant negative impacts on reef ecosystems. Kappaphycus spp. was introduced to Kaneohe Bay on Oahu in 1974. Initial studies based on reproductive character determined that it would not be able to spread from the site of introduction. Today, Kappaphycus spp. is found throughout Kaneohe Bay and commonly overgrows and smothers corals. It reproduces readily by fragmentation and spore production. Hypnea musciformis was introduced to Oahu in 1974 as well. Since that time, it has spread to all of the major Hawaiian Islands, except Hawaii. It forms blooms that generate new biomass of up to 9000kg/wk, much of which subsequently washes up on West Maui beaches. The large piles of decomposing biomass draw complaints from residents and drive tourists away. A recent study has confirmed significant economic impact of this nuisance species (up to $30 million/yr) in the form of lower property values and lost tourist revenue. Gracilaria salicornia was introduced to Waikiki and Kaneohe Bay, Oahu in 1971. Despite a long lag phase, it is now the dominant alga on the reefs fronting Waikiki Beach, with large (100m2) patches reaching up to 100% cover. After large south swells, this alga also washes up on beaches in huge quantities and prevents utilization of these areas. Given the documented economic impact to Maui, the spread of Gracilaria salicornia and other alien algae poses a serious threat to the economic health of Waikiki businesses. In summary, alien and invasive algae in Hawaii pose imminent ecological and economic threats to the State of Hawaii. Contact: Cheryl Squair, Department of Botany, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile
Way, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA |